![]() Where they differ is in proportion and extent. Basic neural regions are shared among all vertebrates. ![]() The idea that vertebrate evolution has consisted of “newer brain structures being superimposed over and on top of ‘older' brain structures, tracking development of complex cognition,” is not evolutionarily justifiable ( 6). First, the brain did not evolve in successive stages as MacLean hypothesized ( 5). ![]() There are several key problems, however, with the triune brain theory. In this perspective, evolutionary development begins with basic behavioral responses, then adds emotional responses that can alter these basic responses when threat or challenges arise, and then adds on cognition to alter emotional responses using reason, logic, and planning. 264).įrom the perspective of the triune-brain theory, these three brain regions evolved separately and function somewhat independently: the basal ganglia and brain stem are involved in movement and basic life functions, the limbic system is involved in emotional responses that are seen more prominently in mammals as compared to reptiles, and the cortex is involved in cognition and executive functions and is most prominent in humans. The three evolutionary formations might be popularly regarded as three interconnected biological computers, each having its own special intelligence, its own subjectivity, its own sense of time and space, and its own memory, motor, and other functions.” (p. Psychological and behavioral functions depend on the interplay of three quite different mentalities. The three neural assemblies… are radically different in structure and chemistry, and in an evolutionary sense, countless generations apart. The human forebrain evolved to its great size while retaining features of three basic formations that reflect an ancestral relationship to reptiles, early mammals, and recent mammals. Describing the triune-brain theory, MacLean ( 3) states that: ![]() The triune-brain approach to understanding the brain takes an evolutionary perspective about how the brain has developed under environmental pressures and how that development impacts our responses, particularly our responses to stress. An influential theory used to conceptualize brain function and drive research has been the triune brain theory ( 1– 4). Theory impacts how research is conducted. Jose Ortega y Gasset The Triune Brain: an Outdated, Inaccurate Model “We do not live to think, but, on the contrary, we think in order that we may succeed in thriving.” We propose a new evolutionarily based model, the adaptive brain, that is founded on adaptive prediction resulting from interdependent brain networks using interoception and exteroception to balance current needs, and the interconnections among homeostasis, allostasis, emotion, cognition, and strong social bonds in accomplishing adaptive goals. Specifically, emotion and cognition are interdependent and work together, the limbic system is not a purely emotional center nor are there purely emotional circuits in the brain, and the cortex is not a purely cognitive center nor are there purely cognitive circuits in the brain. However, modern neuroscience research demonstrates that the triune brain theory does not accurately explain how the brain functions in everyday life or during the stress response. The triune brain theory is an evolutionary theory of brain development that emphasizes three key brain regions consisting of the brainstem, the limbic system, and the cortex that function relatively independently in coping with stress via fight or flight, emotion, and cognition, respectively. A popular theory used to conceptualize brain functioning is the triune brain theory. 2Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.1Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.Steffen 1 *, Dawson Hedges 2 and Rebekka Matheson 2
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